Journal: Toxins

Article Title: Disruption of the Putative Vascular Leak Peptide Sequence in the Stabilized Ricin Vaccine Candidate RTA1-33/44-198

doi: 10.3390/toxins5020224

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protection provided by different doses of RTA1-33/44-198 vaccine against intranasal challenge with 10 LD50 ricin. Groups of 20 mice were vaccinated i.m., either with 2.5 μg, 10 μg, or 40 μg/mouse RTA1-33/44-198, in the presence of Rehydrogel adjuvant with two booster immunizations two weeks apart after priming. One group of mice received only the adjuvant (sham vaccine). Four weeks after the last booster immunization, the mice were intranasally challenged either with 10 LD50 ricin in PBS or PBS lacking ricin (sham challenge). Mice were observed twice daily for survival ( A ), once daily for body weights ( B ) and once daily for disease signs ( C ). Qualitative grading of the disease between 0 and 4 was as described in Materials and Methods. In panels ( A ) and ( B ), symbols represent group mean values and vertical bars show one standard deviation.

Article Snippet: We found that mice vaccinated with increasing doses (2.5, 10 and 40 μg) of the RTA1-33/44-198 recombinant ricin immunogen administered with Rehydrogel adjuvant i.m. were protected against a 10 × LD50 challenge with ricin.

Techniques: Adjuvant, Standard Deviation

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Rapidly Growing Mycobacterium Species: The Long and Winding Road from Tuberculosis Vaccines to Potent Stress-Resilience Agents

doi: 10.3390/ijms222312938

Figure Lengend Snippet: List of alternative names of the mycobacterium strains used in the present review article and related details 1 .

Article Snippet: Studies employing i.g./p.o.-administered M. vaccae NCTC 11659 assessed its effects on TB in humans [ , ], pulmonary allergic inflammation in mice [ ], and (using M. vaccae ATCC 15483 T ) anxiety-related behavior in mice [ ].

Techniques: Isolation, Irradiation

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Rapidly Growing Mycobacterium Species: The Long and Winding Road from Tuberculosis Vaccines to Potent Stress-Resilience Agents

doi: 10.3390/ijms222312938

Figure Lengend Snippet: List of observational studies employing rapidly growing mycobacteria strains (RGMs) in clinical studies 1 .

Article Snippet: Studies employing i.g./p.o.-administered M. vaccae NCTC 11659 assessed its effects on TB in humans [ , ], pulmonary allergic inflammation in mice [ ], and (using M. vaccae ATCC 15483 T ) anxiety-related behavior in mice [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Rapidly Growing Mycobacterium Species: The Long and Winding Road from Tuberculosis Vaccines to Potent Stress-Resilience Agents

doi: 10.3390/ijms222312938

Figure Lengend Snippet: List of observational studies employing rapidly growing mycobacteria strains (RGMs) in preclinical studies 1 .

Article Snippet: Studies employing i.g./p.o.-administered M. vaccae NCTC 11659 assessed its effects on TB in humans [ , ], pulmonary allergic inflammation in mice [ ], and (using M. vaccae ATCC 15483 T ) anxiety-related behavior in mice [ ].

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Rapidly Growing Mycobacterium Species: The Long and Winding Road from Tuberculosis Vaccines to Potent Stress-Resilience Agents

doi: 10.3390/ijms222312938

Figure Lengend Snippet: List of preclinical studies investigating the underlying mechanisms induced by rapidly growing mycobacteria strains (RGMs) 1 .

Article Snippet: Studies employing i.g./p.o.-administered M. vaccae NCTC 11659 assessed its effects on TB in humans [ , ], pulmonary allergic inflammation in mice [ ], and (using M. vaccae ATCC 15483 T ) anxiety-related behavior in mice [ ].

Techniques: In Vitro, Incubation, Expressing, Activity Assay, Activation Assay, Isolation

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Rapidly Growing Mycobacterium Species: The Long and Winding Road from Tuberculosis Vaccines to Potent Stress-Resilience Agents

doi: 10.3390/ijms222312938

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pleiotropic effects of M. vaccae National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC) 11659 on the immune system, promoting immunoregulation. Recognition of M. vaccae NCTC 11659 by dendritic cells (DCs) results in the upregulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and of the maturation markers cluster of differentiation (CD)83 and CD86. It also results in the polarization and proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes toward a T helper (Th)1 phenotype with production of Th1 cytokines like interferon gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)6, and IL-12. M. vaccae NCTC 11659-stimulated DCs also promote the differentiation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and gammadelta (γδ) T cells with antitumor activity as well as of CD4+CD25+ forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) + regulatory T cells (Treg). M. vaccae NCTC 11659 upregulates anti-inflammatory genes (i.e., Il4 , Cd220r1 , mannose receptor C-type 1 ( Mrc1 )) in hippocampal microglia, indicated by increased secretion of IL-4, while in contrast reducing secretion of proinflammatory markers such as IL-1β and IL-6. Finally, the M. vaccae NCTC 11659-produced lipid 10( Z )-hexadecenoic acid (10( Z )-HDA) induces anti-inflammatory responses in isolated peritoneal macrophages via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and downregulation of proinflammatory genes (i.e., transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B ( Nfkb1, Nfkb2 ), Il1a , Il1b , Il6 , Il11 , Il12a , Il12b , Tnf ). Solid-line arrows represent direct effects of M. vaccae NCTC 11659 while dashed-line arrows represent indirect effects. 3D image of 10( Z )-HDA retrieved from pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Article Snippet: Studies employing i.g./p.o.-administered M. vaccae NCTC 11659 assessed its effects on TB in humans [ , ], pulmonary allergic inflammation in mice [ ], and (using M. vaccae ATCC 15483 T ) anxiety-related behavior in mice [ ].

Techniques: Activity Assay, Produced, Isolation, Activation Assay